Specific Heat
The specific heat is the amount of heat per unit mass required to raise the temperature by one degree Celsius. The relationship between heat and temperature change is usually expressed in the form shown below where c is the specific heat. The relationship does not apply if a phase change is encountered, because the heat added or removed during a phase change does not change the temperature.
Heat capacity (usually denoted by a capital C, often with subscripts) is a measurable physical quantity that characterizes the amount of heat that is required to change a body's temperature by a given amount. In the International System of Units, heat capacity is expressed in units of joules per kelvin.
Derived quantities include the molar heat capacity, which is the heat capacity per mole of a pure substance; and the specific heat capacity (also called more properly "mass-specific heat capacity" or more loosely "specific heat"), which is the heat capacity per unit mass of a body. These quantities are "intensive quantities", meaning they are no longer dependent on amount of material, but capture more directly the dependence on the type of material, as well as the physical conditions of heating.
Temperature is the result of the average total kinetic energy of particles in matter. Heat is transfer of thermal energy; it flows from regions of high temperature to regions of low temperature. Thermal energy is stored as kinetic energy and, in molecules and solids, also as potential energy in the modes of vibration.[1] These represent degrees of freedom of movement for atoms. These degrees of freedom, and sometimes others, contribute to the heat capacity of a thermodynamic system. As the temperature approaches absolute zero, the specific heat capacity of a system also approaches zero. Quantum theory can be used to quantitatively predict specific heat capacities in simple systems.
A chemical symbol is an abbreviation or shortened version of the name of a chemical element.
2H2 + O2 → 2H2O
Chemical symbols may also be modified by the use of superscripts or subscripts to show a specific isotope of an atom. Additionally superscripts may be used to indicate the ionization or oxidation state of an element.
Attached subscripts or superscripts specifying a nucleotide or molecule have the following meanings and positions:
* The nucleon number (mass number) is shown in the left superscript position (e.g., 14N)
* The proton number (atomic number) may be indicated in the left subscript position (e.g., 64Gd)
* If necessary, a state of ionization or an excited state may be indicated in the right superscript position (e.g., state of ionization Ca2+)
* The number of atoms of an element in a molecule or chemical compound is shown in the right subscript position (e.g., N2 or Fe2O3)
* A radical is indicated by a dot on the right side (e.g., Cl· for a chloride radical)
In China, each chemical element is assigned an ideograph as its symbol; most of them have been explicitly created for this purpose (see Chinese characters for chemical elements).
For complete listings of the chemical elements and their symbols, see:
* List of elements by symbol
* List of elements by name
* List of elements by number
* Periodic table of the elements
Heat capacity (usually denoted by a capital C, often with subscripts) is a measurable physical quantity that characterizes the amount of heat that is required to change a body's temperature by a given amount. In the International System of Units, heat capacity is expressed in units of joules per kelvin.
Derived quantities include the molar heat capacity, which is the heat capacity per mole of a pure substance; and the specific heat capacity (also called more properly "mass-specific heat capacity" or more loosely "specific heat"), which is the heat capacity per unit mass of a body. These quantities are "intensive quantities", meaning they are no longer dependent on amount of material, but capture more directly the dependence on the type of material, as well as the physical conditions of heating.
Temperature is the result of the average total kinetic energy of particles in matter. Heat is transfer of thermal energy; it flows from regions of high temperature to regions of low temperature. Thermal energy is stored as kinetic energy and, in molecules and solids, also as potential energy in the modes of vibration.[1] These represent degrees of freedom of movement for atoms. These degrees of freedom, and sometimes others, contribute to the heat capacity of a thermodynamic system. As the temperature approaches absolute zero, the specific heat capacity of a system also approaches zero. Quantum theory can be used to quantitatively predict specific heat capacities in simple systems.
A chemical symbol is an abbreviation or shortened version of the name of a chemical element.
2H2 + O2 → 2H2O
Chemical symbols may also be modified by the use of superscripts or subscripts to show a specific isotope of an atom. Additionally superscripts may be used to indicate the ionization or oxidation state of an element.
Attached subscripts or superscripts specifying a nucleotide or molecule have the following meanings and positions:
* The nucleon number (mass number) is shown in the left superscript position (e.g., 14N)
* The proton number (atomic number) may be indicated in the left subscript position (e.g., 64Gd)
* If necessary, a state of ionization or an excited state may be indicated in the right superscript position (e.g., state of ionization Ca2+)
* The number of atoms of an element in a molecule or chemical compound is shown in the right subscript position (e.g., N2 or Fe2O3)
* A radical is indicated by a dot on the right side (e.g., Cl· for a chloride radical)
In China, each chemical element is assigned an ideograph as its symbol; most of them have been explicitly created for this purpose (see Chinese characters for chemical elements).
For complete listings of the chemical elements and their symbols, see:
* List of elements by symbol
* List of elements by name
* List of elements by number
* Periodic table of the elements
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